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Community and Public Health Nursing

Promoting the Public’s Health

Community and Public Health Nursing

Promoting the Public’s Health TENTH EDITION

Cherie Rector, PhD, RN, PHN Professor Emeritus

Department of Nursing California State University, Bakersfield

Bakersfield, California

Mary Jo Stanley, PhD, RN, CNS, CNE Professor

Director, School of Nursing California State University, Stanislaus

Turlock, California

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With love, to my husband, my children, and my grandchildren.

—Cherie Rector

To my husband and three sons—you make my heart smile. You are the steady seas in which I sail; thank

you for your unwavering support. —Mary Jo Stanley

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr. Cherie Rector, PhD, RN, PHN, is a native Californian and an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Nursing at California State University, Bakersfield. While there, she served as lead faculty in community health nursing, Director of the School Nurse Credential Program and the RN to BSN Program, helping to develop and revise curriculum in those areas. She also developed an online curriculum for the RN to BSN program, and taught in-person, distance learning, and online courses in graduate and undergraduate programs. Prior to that, she served in an administrative position as Director of Allied Health and the Disabled Students Program at College of the Sequoias. She has also been the Coordinator of the School Nurse Credential Program and the RN to BSN Program at California State University, Fresno, overseeing curriculum development in those areas, for both online and in-person classes. Undergraduate teaching areas have included community health nursing, foundations/health assessment, health teaching, leadership, and capstone classes; in addition, she has taught graduate courses in community health nursing, research, vulnerable populations, family theories, interprofessional development, and school nursing. She has served as a consultant to school districts and hospitals in the areas of child health, research, and evidence-based practice; has served on various state, local, and national boards and task forces; and has had leadership roles in professional nursing organizations. Over the course of her career, Dr. Rector has practiced in community health and school nursing settings and in acute care neonatal nursing. Her grants, research, publications, and presentations have focused largely on child and adolescent health, school nursing, public health nursing, nursing education, and program development for underrepresented students. She earned an associate degree in nursing from College of the Sequoias and a BSN from the Consortium of the California State Universities, Long Beach. She completed a master’s degree in nursing (Clinical Nurse Specialist,

Community Health) and a school nurse credential from California State University, Fresno. Her PhD in educational psychology is from the University of Southern California. She is an active member of the American Public Health Association (PHN Section), the Western Institute of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau, and the Association of Community Health Nursing Educators. Dr. Mary Jo Stanley, PhD, RN, CNS, CNE, is a Professor and Director of the School of Nursing at California State University, Stanislaus. Prior to this role, she served as the RN-BSN Program Director, helping create online curriculum and instruction for the program. Previous positions in academia include coordinator for the second degree prelicensure program at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs; in addition to this role, she also coordinated community health placements for RN-BSN students overseeing curriculum in those areas. At the University of Northern Colorado, Dr. Stanley coordinated summer community health clinical placements revising and updating curriculum. Undergraduate teaching areas have included community health, leadership and management, health assessment, foundations, health promotion, health education, capstone practicum, and professional roles; in addition, she has taught graduate classes in nursing education, contemporary practices, and nursing research and has served as graduate project Chair for Masters of Science in Nursing students. Dr. Stanley has consulted for online instruction and is a certified online course reviewer. Over the course of Dr. Stanley’s career, she has practiced in community and school health settings, and in acute care in the ICU and PACU. Her research, publications, presentations, and grants have focused on educational development, strategies for teaching, and community health. She earned a Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Master of Science in Nursing, Clinical Nurse Specialist, and School Nurse Credential from San Jose State University. She completed her PhD in nursing with an emphasis on education from the University of Northern Colorado and is a Certified Nurse Educator (CNE). She is an active member of the Association of Community Health Nursing Educators and Sigma Theta Tau International.

CONTRIBUTORS

Contributors to the 10th Edition

Sheila Adams-Leander, RN, PhD, CCC Associate Professor School of Nursing Milwaukee School of Engineering Milwaukee, Wisconsin Online Faculty for Doctorate of Nursing Practice Program College of Nursing and Health Professions Grand Canyon University Phoenix, Arizona Chapter 5, Transcultural Nursing

Peggy H. Anderson, DNP, MS, RN Associate Teaching Professor Undergraduate Program Coordinator Brigham Young University College of NursingProvo, Utah Chapter 20, School-Age Children and Adolescents

Anne Watson Bongiorno, RN, PHD, APRN-BC, CNE Professor Department of Nursing SUNY Plattsburgh Plattsburgh, New York Chapter 4, Evidence-Based Practice and Ethics

Yezenia Cadena-Malek, RN, BSN, MSHS

Health Promotion Educator Army Public Health Nursing/Health Promotion Department of Preventive Medicine JBSA Fort Sam Houston San Antonio, Texas Chapter 8, Communicable Disease

Denise Cummins, DNP, RN, WHNP-BC Assistant Teaching Professor College of Nursing Brigham Young University Provo, Utah Chapter 12, Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Community/Public Health Programs

Heide R. Cygan, DNP, RN, PHNA-BC Assistant Professor Department of Community, Systems and Mental Health Nursing College of Nursing Rush University Chicago, Illinois Chapter 13, Policy Making and Advocacy

Beverly A. Dandridge, MSN, FNP, MSAJS, CAPT, USPHS Department of Homeland Security USPHS Commissioned Corps Liaison Washington, District of Columbia Chapter 17, Disasters and Their Impact Chapter 28, Public Settings

Mary Ann Drake, PhD, RN, CNE Professor Department of Nursing Webster University

Saint Louis, Missouri Chapter 14, Family as Client

Rachell A. Ekroos, PhD, APRN, FNP-BC, AFN-BC, FAAN Chief Executive Officer Center for Forensic Nursing Excellence International Las Vegas, Nevada Chapter 18, Violence and Abuse

Naomi E. Ervin, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC, FNAP, FAAN Retired Professor Shelby, Michigan Chapter 15, Community as Client

Deborah S. Finnell, RN, DNS, CARN-AP, FAAN Professor Emerita Johns Hopkins School of Nursing Baltimore, Maryland Chapter 25, Behavioral Health in the Community

Lakisha Nicole Flagg, DrPH, MS, MPH, RN, APHN- BC, CPH Strategy, Policy, and Communications Program Manager Louisiana Department of Health’s Bureau of Family Health Adjunct Faculty Graduate Program Texas Tech University Science Center Lubbock, Texas Chapter 15, Community as Client

Carmen George, DNP, MSN, BSN, WHNP-BC Assistant Professor of Nursing School of Nursing University of Nevada

Las Vegas Chapter 19, Maternal–Child Health

Patricia (Trish) Hanes, PhD, MSN, MAED, MS- DPEM, RN, CNE, NEMAA, CSSGB Professor Emeritus School of Nursing Azusa Pacific UniversityAzusa, California Chapter 3, History and Evolution of Public Health Nursing

Lenore Hernandez, PhD, MSN, RN, CNS, APRN- BCADM, CDE Clinical Nurse Specialist in Diabetes Department of Medicine Northern California Veterans Healthcare Administration Martinez, California Chapter 23, Working With Vulnerable People

Judith L. Hold, EdD, RN Assistant Professor of Nursing Wellstar School of Nursing Kennesaw State University Kennesaw, Georgia Chapter 21, Adult Health

Ezra C. Holston, PhD, MSN, RN Assistant Director Utah State University Department of Nursing and Health Professions Logan, Utah Chapter 14, Family as Client

Vanessa Amore Jones, DNP, APRN, FNP-C

Director of Graduate Nursing Studies Assistant Professor, DNP Program Coordinator University of North Georgia Dahlonega, Georgia Chapter 21, Adult Health

Betty C. Jung, MPH, RN, MCHES Director for Public Health Expertise Network of Mentors Adjunct Lecturer Department of Public Health Southern Connecticut State University New Haven, ConnecticutChapter 7, Epidemiology in the Community

Mary Lashley, PhD, RN, PHNCS, BC, CNE Professor Department of Nursing Towson University Towson, MarylandAllentown, Pennsylvania Chapter 26, Working With the Homeless

Angelique Lawyer, MSN, MPH, PHNA-BC Public Health Consultant Gaia Public Health Solutions Chapel Hill, North Carolina Chapter 29, Private Settings

Jeanne M. Leffers, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor Emeritus University of Massachusetts,Dartmouth North Dartmouth, Massachusetts Chapter 9, Environmental Health and Safety

Colleen Marzilli, PhD, DNP, MBA, RN-BC, CCM, PHNA-BC, CNE, NEA-BC, FNAP

Coordinator Concurrent ADN/BSN Program Coordinator CONHS International Programs Associate Professor School of Nursing The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler, Texas Chapter 10, Communication, Collaboration, and Technology

Ruth McDermott-Levy, PhD, MPH, RN, FAAN Associate Professor and Director Center for Global & Public Health M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing Villanova University Villanova, Pennsylvania Chapter 9, Environmental Health and Safety

Charlene Niemi, PhD, RN, PHN, CNE Assistant Professor Nursing Program California State University, Channel Islands Camarillo, California Chapter 24, Clients With Disabilities

Carol Pochron, MSN, RN Adjunct Instructor Department of Nursing DeSales University Center Valley, Pennsylvania Adjunct Instructor Department of Nursing Moravian College Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Board Member of Parish Nurse Coalition of the Greater Lehigh Valley

Per Diem Nurse

Department of Hospice Lehigh Valley Health Network Allentown, Pennsylvania Chapter 29, Private Settings

Cherie Rector, PhD, RN, PHN Professor Emeritus Department of Nursing California State University, Bakersfield Bakersfield, California Chapter 1, Introduction: The Journey Begins Chapter 4, Evidence-Based Practice and Ethics Chapter 6, Structure and Economics of Community/Public Health Services Chapter 10, Communication, Collaboration, and Technology

Judith M. Scott, PhD, RN Assistant Professor Helen and Arthur E. Johnson Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado Springs, Colorado Chapter 22, Older Adults

Jody Spiess, PhD, RN, GCPH Assistant Professor Nursing Department Webster University Saint Louis, MO Chapter 14, Family as Client

Mary Jo Stanley, PhD, RN, CNS, CNE Professor Director, School of Nursing California State University, Stanislaus

Turlock, California Chapter 28, Public Settings Chapter 29, Private Settings Chapter 30, Home Health and Hospice Care

Rebecca E. Sutter, DNP, APRN, BC-FNP Mason and Partners Clinic Co-Director Associate Professor of Nursing School of Nursing College of Health and Human Services George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Chapter 23, Working With Vulnerable People

Susan M. Swider, PhD, PHNA-BC, FAAN Director, DNP Tracks in Advanced Public Health Nursing Transformative Leadership: Population Health Department of Community Systems and Mental Health Nursing College of NursingRush University Chicago, Illinois Chapter 13, Policy Making and Advocacy

Dana Todd, PhD, APRN Professor School of Nursing and Health Professions Murray State University Murray, Kentucky Chapter 2, Public Health Nursing in the Community Chapter 11, Health Promotion Through Education Chapter 19, Maternal–Child Health

Lauren Traveller, DNP, APRN, FNP-C Assistant Professor of Nursing Southern Utah University

Cedar City, Utah Chapter 18, Violence and Abuse

Katharine West, DNP, MPH, RN, PHN, CNS Associate Faculty College of Nursing, Southern California Campus University of Phoenix Ontario, California Chapter 16, Global Health Nursing

Robin M. White, PhD, MSN, RN Director of BSN Nursing Program Associate Professor University of Tampa Nursing Program Tampa, Florida Chapter 27, Rural, Migrant, and Urban Health

Elizabeth Wright, MSN, APRN, CNE Assistant Professor Nursing Post Licensure Division Indiana Wesleyan University Marion, Indiana Chapter 30, Home Health and Hospice Care

Contributors to the 9th Edition

Sheila Adams-Leander, RN, PhD Associate Professor Milwaukee School of Engineering University Milwaukee, Wisconsin Chapter 5

Peggy H. Anderson, DNP, MS, RN Associate Teaching Professor Brigham Young UniversityCollege of Nursing Provo, Utah Chapter 22

Barbara Blake, RN, PhD, ACRN, FAAN Professor Kennesaw State University Kennesaw, Georgia Chapter 23

Anne Bongiorno, PhD, APHN-BC Associate Professor State University of New York, Plattsburgh Plattsburgh, New York Chapter 4

Bonnie Callen, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC Associate Professor (Retired) University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville, Tennessee Chapter 24

Beverly A. Dandridge, MSN, FNP, MSAJS, CCHP CAPT, USPHS Commissioned Corps Department of Homeland Security USPHS Commissioned Corps Liaison Washington, District of Columbia Chapters 17 and 30

Janna L. Dieckmann, PhD, RN Associate Professor University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Chapter 26

Rebecca Doughty, MN, RN, PhD(c) Director of Health Services Spoken Public Schools Spokane, Washington Chapter 30

Mary Ann Drake, PhD, RN, CNE Professor Webster University St. Louis, Missouri Chapter 18

Naomi Ervin, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC, FNAP, FAAN Adjunct Professor Madonna University Livonia, Michigan Chapter 25

Deborah S. Finnell, DNS, PHMHP-BC, CARN-AP, FAAN

Associate Professor Johns Hopkins School of Nursing Baltimore, Maryland Chapter 27

MAJ Lakisha N. Flagg, DrPH, MS, CPH, APHN-BC Chief, Army Public Health Nursing Brooke Army Medical Center Joint Base San Antonio Fort Sam Houston, Texas San Antonio, Texas Chapter 15

Ezra C. Holston, PhD, RN Assistant Professor University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville, Tennessee Chapter 19

Barbara Joyce, PhD, RN, CNS, ANEF Associate Professor Helen and Arthur E. Johnson Beth-El College of Nursing & Health Sciences University of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado Springs, Colorado Chapter 20

Betty C. Jung, MPH, RN, MCHES Program Director Public Health Expertise Network of Mentors Adjunct Lecturer Southern Connecticut State University New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 7

Katherine Laux Kaiser, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC

Professor University of Nebraska Medical CenterCollege of Nursing Omaha, Nebraska Chapter 21

Mary Lashley, PhD, RN, PHNCS-BC Professor Towson University Towson, Maryland Chapter 28

Angelique Lawyer, MSN, MPH, APHN-BC, RN Nurse Consultant, Chief Surgeon’s Office National Guard Bureau Arlington, Virginia Chapter 31

Jeanne M. Leffers, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor Emeritus University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth North Dartmouth, MassachusettsChapter 9

Karin L. Lightfoot, PhD, MSN, RN-BC, PHN Assistant Professor California State University, Chico Chico, California Chapters 8 and 14

Colleen Marzilli, PhD, DNP, MBA, RN-BC, CCM, APHN-BC, CNE Assistant Professor The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler, Texas Chapter 10

Debra J. Millar, MSN, RN, APHN-BC Assistant Professor California State University, Stanislaus Turlock, California Chapters 12 and 16

Mary Ellen Miller, PhD, RN, APHN-BC Associate Professor Director, Bridging the Gaps Lehigh Valley Affiliate DeSales University Center Valley, Pennsylvania Chapter 31(Lead)

Margaret Oot-Hayes, PhD, RN Professor Regis College Weston, Massachusetts Chapter 30

Judith M. Paré, PhD, RN Dean, School of Nursing and Behavioral Sciences Becker College Worcester, Massachusetts Chapter 29

Carol Pochron, MSN, RN Adjunct Professor DeSales University Center Valley, Pennsylvania Chapter 31

Cherie Rector, PhD, RN, PHN Professor Emeritus Department of Nursing California State University, Bakersfield

Bakersfield, California Chapters 1, 2, and 29

Annmarie Donahue Samar, PhD, PHCNS-BC, NEA-BC, RN Professor Framingham State University Framingham, Massachusetts Chapter 10

Lisabeth M. Searing, PhD, RN Assistant Professor Illinois Wesleyan University Bloomington, Illinois Chapter 6

Bryan W. Sisk, RN, BSN, MPH Associate Director Patient Care Services Nurse Executive Central Texas Veterans Health Care System Temple, Texas Veteran’s Content Expert Contributor

Susan M. Swider, PhD, APHN-BC, FAAN Professor, Department of Community, Systems and Mental Health Nursing Program Director, DNP in Advanced Public Health Nursing and Leadership to Enhance Population Health Outcomes Rush UniversityCollege of Nursing Chicago, Illinois Chapter 13

Gloria Ann Jones Taylor, PhD, RN Professor Kennesaw State University

Kennesaw, Georgia Chapter 23

Dana Todd, PhD, APRN Associate Professor Murray State University Murray, Kentucky Chapters 3, 11, and 21

Kristine D. Warner, PhD, MPH, RN Assistant Dean and Managing Director MEPN Program University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California Chapter 2

Robin M. White, PhD, MSN, RN Assistant Professor University of Tampa Tampa, Florida Chapter 29

Marjory D. Williams, PhD, RN Associate Chief Nursing Service, Education and Research Central Texas Veterans Health Care System Temple, Texas Veteran’s Content Expert Contributor

Elizabeth Wright, MSN, RN Assistant Professor of Nursing Indiana Wesleyan University Marion, Indiana Chapter 32

REVIEWERS

Barbara Blackford, MSN, RN-CNE Assistant Professor Marian University Indianapolis, Indiana

Anne Bongiorno, PhD, APHN-BC, CNE Professor SUNY Plattsburgh Plattsburgh, New York

Kelly Brittain, PhD, RN Associate Professor Michigan State University College of Nursing East Lansing, Michigan

Esther Brown, EdD, RN, FCN-BC, ThB Associate Professor Widener University Chester, Pennsylvania

Angeline Bushy, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor, Bert Fish Eminent Chair University of Central FloridaCollege of Nursing Daytona Beach, Florida

Adelita G. Cantu, PhD, RN Associate Professor University of Texas at San Antonio School of Nursing San Antonio, Texas

Holly Cassells, PhD, RNC Chair, Graduate Nursing Program University of the Incarnate Word San Antonio, Texas

Stephanie Chung, PhD, RN Assistant Professor Georgian Court University Lakewood, New Jersey

Jennifer Cooper, DNP, MSN Assistant Professor Hood College Frederick, Maryland

Joan Creed, DNP, RN, CCM Clinical Assistant Professor University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina

Margaret C. Delaney, EdD, APRN, PNP-BC Instructor Benedictine University Lisle, Illinois

Kathie DeMuth, MSN, RN Assistant Professor Bellin College Green Bay, Wisconsin

Christina DesOrmeaux, PhD, RN Assistant Clinical Professor The Cizik School of Nursing The University of Texas Health Science

Center at Houston Houston, Texas

Kathleen Dever, EdD, MS, RN Associate Professor Wegmans School of Nursing St. John Fisher College Rochester, New York

Lisa J. Fardy, DNP, MSN, MPH, RN, PHCNS-BC Associate Professor of Nursing and Public Health Regis College Weston, Massachusetts

Cindy Farris, PhD, MSN, MPH, CNE Assistant Professor Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Myers, Florida

Jackie Gillespie, MN, RN, Retired CNE Nursing Educator (Retired) Clemson University School of Nursing Clemson, South Carolina

Patty Nolan Goldsmith, MS, RN, PHNA-BC Senior Lecturer University of Arizona College of Nursing Tucson, Arizona

Dawn M. Goodolf, PhD, RN Associate Professor Moravian College Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

Donna S. Guerra, EdD, MSN, RN

Clinical Assistant Professor University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville, Alabama

Susan Harrington, PhD, RN Associate Professor Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids, Michigan

Tammy Kiser, DNP, RN Assistant Professor of Nursing James Madison University Harrisonburg, Virginia

Alexis Koenig, EdD, MSN, RN, CNE, CCHP Associate Professor East Stroudsburg University East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania

Julie A. Kruse, PhD, RN Associate Professor Oakland UniversitySchool of Nursing Rochester, Michigan

Kimberly Lacey, DNSc, MSN, RN, CNE Professor Southern Connecticut State University New Haven, Connecticut

Barbara Whitman Lancaster, DNP, APN, WHNP- BC Assistant Professor Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennessee

Erica Lemberger, DNP, FNP-BC, AFN-BC, RN, SANE A/P Associate Professor Spalding University Louisville, Kentucky

Amanda Jean Madrid, RN, MSN, PHN-BC Assistant Professor California Baptist University Riverside, California

Aimee McDonald, PhD, RN Assistant Professor William Jewell College Liberty, Missouri

Cindy McZeal, MSN, PHN, RN Program Coordinator California State University Los Angeles Los Angeles, California

Sandra E. Monk, PhD, RN, CHPN Assistant Professor Shorter University Rome, Georgia

Geraldine Moore, EdD, RN, BC, AE-C Professor Molloy CollegeBarbara H. Hagan School of Nursing and Health Sciences Rockville Centre, New York

Linda Morgan, PhD, MSN, RN, PHN

Associate Professor Reinhardt University Waleska, Georgia

Susan A. Natale, PhD, RN, NEA-BC Associate Professor Curry College Milton, Massachusetts

Sabita Persaud, PhD, RN, PHNA-BC Associate Professor Notre Dame of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland

Tami J. Pobocik, PhD, RN Associate Professor Saginaw Valley State University University Center, Michigan

Pamela Rafferty-Semon, MSN-Ed, RN Associate Lecturer Kent State University Kent, Ohio

Mary Jean Ricci, MSN, RN-BC Director of Clinical Education, Assistant Professor of Nursing, Chair of Population Health Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Diane Riff, DNP, APRN, NP-C Associate Professor University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky

Kathleen Rindahl, DNP, RN, FNP-C Associate Professor Fresno State UniversitySchool of Nursing Fresno, California

Ronna Schrum, DNP, RN, CRNP Assistant Professor Frostburg State University Frostburg, Maryland

Kathleen F. Tate, EdD, MSN, MBA, RN, CNE Associate Professor of Nursing Northwestern State University Shreveport, Louisiana

Antionella Upshaw, PhD, RN, BS Assistant Professor Southern University and A&M College Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Maria Warnick, MSN, CRNP Assistant Director Gwynedd Mercy University Gwynedd Valley, Pennsylvania

Rita West, DNSc, RN, NEA-BC Assistant Professor Baptist College of Health Sciences Memphis, Tennessee

Lori A. Wheeler, PhD, RN Assistant Professor Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Kathlene H. Williams, MS, RN, CNE Assistant Professor of Nursing McNeese State University Lake Charles, Louisiana

Debra Windle, PHN, MSN, CNS Nursing Faculty California State University Long Beach Long Beach, California

Pamela J. Worrell-Carlisle, PhD, RN Assistant Professor School o

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