Identify five people or events that are important to American history. ?Your completed assignment will, therefore, include a total of 15 people or events. Provide a picture

identify five people or events that are important to American history. Your completed assignment will, therefore, include a total of 15 people or events. Provide a picture to illustrate each person or event that you are identifying. Provide the sources that you used in completing this assignment.

• Part #1: Read Chapter 16; Identify 5 items (people, events, or a mixture of both) by answering the questions posed above (“Writing about events” or “Writing about people”).

• Part #2: Read Chapter 17; Identify 5 items (people, events, or a mixture of both) by answering the questions posed above (“Writing about events” or “Writing about people”).

• Part #3: Read Chapter 18; Identify 5 items (people, events, or a mixture of both) by answering the questions posed above (“Writing about events” or “Writing about people”).

Chapter 16: The Age of Big Business and the Last Frontier

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Learning Objectives

Discuss the role of government in the expansion of the economy during and after the civil war.

Explain the influence of railroads on industrial expansion in the United States.

Explain the “downside” of laissez faire.

Evaluate the contributions of the “Robber Barons” to the growth of the American economy.

Explain the role of the courts in the exploitation and discrimination against black Americans.

Discuss the career, tactics, and triumph of John D. Rockefeller.

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Learning Objectives (Continued)

Explain the difficulties experienced by the labor movement in the last quarter of the 19th Century.

Analyze the impact of strikes on industrial society including the Haymarket affair, the Great RR Strike of 1877, the Homestead Steel Strike, and the Pullman/ARU Strike of 1892.

Discuss the role of Chinese immigrants in constructing the Transcontinental Railroad and the anti-Chinese backlash.

Explain the policy of the United States government towards Indians from 1865 to 1900, including a discussion of the final white victory over the Indians.

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16.1a The Effect of the Civil War

Growth rates slowed during war.

The Republican Party promised to improve conditions.

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16.1b The Post-Civil War Boom

The post-war industrial boom was the result of numerous factors:

Bountiful raw materials

Steadily expanding home market

Accumulation of savings

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16.1c The Role of the Government in Business

A. Industrialization was also the result of government involvement.

Protective tariff

The government provided land grants.

Railroads granted massive amounts of land for resale.

A downside of laissez-faire was environmental government had little control.

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16.1d The Role of the Courts

The protection given to commerce by the Supreme Court also aided the growth of big business.

Slaughterhouse Cases 1873

State and national rights are separate.

Court could only protect the national rights of blacks.

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

States could regulate private business.

Businesses alarmed.

This ruling was struck down by Wabash v. Illinois 1886

Interpretation changed after 1886.

Corporations were persons (Smyth v. Ames, 1898).

Courts would decide how much profit was “reasonable.”

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16.2 The Railroad Age

Industrialization could never have been possible without the railroads.

They made industrial development possible—and experienced bribery, profiteering, and availability of free land.

Jay Gould’s stock purchases produced railroad consolidation.

Governmental aid from state and national government to the railroads came from millions of acres, loans, and subsidies that were given.

Public benefits included bringing settlements to the West and help to the economy.

John D. Rockefeller founded of Standard Oil and became the richest man in the world.

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16.3a “Robber Barons” or “Captains of Industry”?

Industrialists were a combination of qualities: ambitious, resourceful, able, ruthless, and dishonest.

They often operated with a “the public be damned” attitude.

Most had avoided military service in the Civil War.

They made fortunes during the war through fraudulent actions.

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16.3b The Trust

Trusts were corporate structures that helped corporations evade anti-monopoly laws.

The industrialists made agreements to limit competition.

A board of directors managed several companies.

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16.3c John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust

Rockefeller pioneered a business model known as the trust.

The Standard Oil Trust was the first trust, and it eliminated competition in oil.

With its cutthroat competition, it not only eliminated competition in oil but also controlled 90 percent of industry.

A holding company is a company that owns the majority of stock in other companies.

Rockefeller engaged in both horizontal and vertical integration.

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16.3d Carnegie and Steel

Carnegie revolutionized steel production.

Carnegie, who immigrated from Scotland at age 12, utilized the Bessemer process as a recipe for making steel.

He incorporated cheap labor, long hours, low wages, and the lack of unionization.

Because Carnegie believed it was a “disgrace to die rich,” he sold to J.P. Morgan.

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16.3e The Growth of Trusts

Growth of Trusts—controlled dozens of industries

State laws failed to inhibit trusts, and some states had no restrictions against them.

The E. C. Knight Company controlled 98 percent of the sugar manufacturing in the United States.

Former trusts began to organize themselves into holding companies, and corporations combined.

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16.3f Opposition to the Trusts

Eventually there was a popular outcry against the trusts.

Edward Bellamy and Henry George were critical of the trusts.

Numerous states passed laws attempting to limit the trusts.

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16.3g The Interstate Commerce Act

Frustrations with monopolies led the federal government to take action.

Congress hoped to establish “reasonable and just” rates—but what was “reasonable and just”?

The Interstate Commerce Act established a five-man board (ICC), but the courts would enforce rulings.

ICC was short on authority and resources.

The courts upheld the railroads most of the time.

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16.3h The Sherman Antitrust Act

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) outlawed any “conspiracy in restraint of trade.”

The courts would interpret those words.

Supreme Court ruled in 1895 that manufacturing was intrastate, so it was not covered by the act (United States v. E.C. Knight Co.).

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16.3i Edison, Electricity, and Inventions

The late 1800s was a time of numerous innovations.

Perhaps considered America’s greatest inventor with over 1,000 patents, Edison invented the electric light bulb, phonograph, moving pictures, and the electric storage battery.

Edison’s first electric power station was established in New York City in 1882.

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16.3j Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

The telephone was first demonstrated at the Philadelphia World’s Fair in 1876.

There were 800,000 telephones by 1900. Other inventions include typewriter, adding machine, and the Kodak camera.

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16.3k The Growth of Finance Capitalism

Investment bankers became very influential in the development of industry.

Banks had enormous amounts of money to invest.

The banker would get a share in the management.

By 1900, bankers controlled a number of corporations.

J. P. Morgan launched United States Steel in 1901.

By 1904, 318 combinations controlled 5,000 separate plants.

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16.3k The Growth of Finance Capitalism (continued)

Rise of big business produced an increased need for finance capital.

J.P. Morgan became America’s biggest finance capitalist.

Morgan took over struggling railroads until he owned two-thirds of the nation’s rails.

Morgan also purchased U.S. Steel and created the first billion dollar company.

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16.4 Labor

The National Labor Union (NLU, 1866–1873) was led by William Sylvis.

Labor struggled to make gains against big business.

The NLU was short-lived, but paved the way for other labor unions.

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16.4a The Knights of Labor

Uriah Stevens founded the Knights of Labor in 1869.

Stevens wanted to “Secure to toilers a proper share of the wealth they create.”

It was a secret organization because companies locked out union workers.

Terrence Powderly was president 1879–1893.

The union supported land reform, temperance, public education, 8-hour day, abolition of child labor, and the “no strikes” policy.

Haymarket Square Bombing

A bomb of unknown origin killed several policemen and civilians.

Eight radicals were arrested, tried, and convicted of murder.

Four were hung; others jailed.

The Knights began to decline in members.

Public was convinced that unions were dangerous.

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16.4b The Rise of the AFL

Rise of the AFL—American Federation of Labor (1886)

Workers organized by craft.

Only skilled workers could join.

Samuel Gompers, the president, favored cooperation with employers.

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16.4c Labor Conflict

Some labor unions rejected violence whereas others, like the Molly Maguires, welcomed it.

Anarchists—a small, ideological group that supported acts of terrorism directed at capitalism— supported violence.

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16.4d The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

This was the first truly national strike that was replete with violence.

It paralyzed the nation’s rail system.

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16.4e The Homestead Steel Mill Strike

This centered on a dispute involving workers at Carnegie’s Homestead Still Mill near Pittsburgh.

Carnegie’s manager, Henry Clay Frick, hired Pinkerton detectives to protect scab workers.

The governor sent in 8,000 National Guard troops to reclaim the factory.

Homestead strike was a major defeat for the unions, as the workers gave in after four months and returned to work.

Pullman Strike, 1894

Two thousand federal soldiers were sent in by President Cleveland.

Eugene Debs, president of American Railway Union, was arrested.

An injunction prohibited a strike because it would interfere with interstate commerce.

Only in 1932 were such injunctions outlawed.

Most workers did not protest and accepted their lot

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16.4f Unions and the Black Worker

National labor organizations could not avoid the race issue.

The Knights of Labor accepted blacks, but the AFL had few blacks.

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16.4g Women and the “Incorporation of America”

Women responded to the economic transformation in multiple ways.

Knights accepted women, but AFL did not.

Many became socialists.

Mary Harris, “Mother” Jones, made American workers her “family.”

Emma Goldman, an anarchist, saw the Haymarket results as a travesty.

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16.5a The West

Another transformation was taking place on the western frontier with the massive migration to the West.

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16.5b The Transcontinentals

The number of railroads going west increased.

Five transcontinental railroads were constructed.

Railroads engaged in profiteering, including the Credit Mobilier Scandal.

Government aid to railroads included grants of 130 million acres.

Railroads produced public benefits: economic growth and settlement.

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16.5c Governmental Aid to Railroads

Railroads might not have been completed if not for government aid.

Railroads received more than 130 million acres of land between 1850 and 1871.

They also received grants and subsidies.

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16.5d Public Benefits

Construction of the railroads benefitted the economy.

Railroads encouraged the growth of towns and cities.

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16.5e Chinese Labor

In the three decades after the discovery of gold in California, over 200,000 Chinese immigrants came into the US.

Many took jobs on the railroads.

“Chinatowns” developed in many cities once the railroads were completed and the immigrants were out of work.

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16.5f The Mining Frontier

Each mining camp had its own laws, so camps were not always wild and violent.

The Comstock Lode was the largest silver strike in US history.

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16.5g Comstock Lode

In 1859, silver was discovered near Virginia City, Nevada.

Over the next twenty years, $300 million in silver was mined there.

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16.5h The Settlers

Cheap land drew many settlers west.

Westward migration was also fueled by an influx of immigrants.

The Homestead Act of 1862 granted 160 acres of free land to settlers.

“Sodbusters” were farmers who moved to the Great Plains.

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16.5i New Mexico

Because of the Taos Indian rebellions, New Mexico was under military rule until 1850.

The new government was corrupt and took land from Hispanic landowners.

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16.5j California

California grew rapidly following the discovery of gold.

An agricultural economy, based on large estates, grew in California’s central valleys.

California became the most productive agricultural state in the Union.

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16.5k The Ranching Frontier

The open-range cattle industry flourished for a number of years.

The work of cowboys was hazardous and lonely.

Profits from raising cattle led to overstocked ranges.

Sheepherders battled both cattle ranchers and farmers.

Trail drives, 1866–1885, ended because of freezes, drought, and closer rail connections.

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16.5l Trails of the Cattle Drive Era

Texas cattlemen needed to get their cattle to rail connections in Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Missouri.

The Chisholm Trail was the most famous trail—over 35,000 head of cattle would make it to Abilene, Kansas, via the trail

New rail lines meant that new trails would open up from Texas to the rail destinations.

Trail’s end towns were formed—towns with rail connections to Chicago, to which cattle were driven from Texas.

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16.5m The New South

The North had largely left the South to its own affairs.

The South was primarily still impoverished and heavily reliant on cotton, but it was gradually industrializing.

Southern “Redeemer” governments were just as corrupt as Reconstruction governments.

The number of railroads in the South increased.

Still, the South failed to advance economically, largely because its agriculture was stagnant.

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16.5n Blacks in the New South

African Americans continued to be subjugated.

In the 1890s, lynchings averaged almost 200 per year.

Southern states passed numerous anti-black laws.

Laws were passed that stripped African Americans of the right to vote.

Plessy v. Ferguson established the doctrine of “separate but equal” in 1896.

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16.5o The American Indians

In the late 1800s, the Plains Indians resisted white settlement on their lands.

Increased white settlement brought clashes with the Comanche, Apache, and Navaho in the Southwest—and the Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne on the Great Plains.

In 1867, Congress enacted legislation providing for the removal of all Indians to reservations.

Native Americans won far more battles than whites did, but they were consistently outnumbered.

In 1887, the Dawes Act was passed; this gave individual Native Americans land—provided they lived like white settlers.

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16.5p Last Stands and Massacres

Discovery of gold in Colorado brought in a new wave of white settlers.

New settlements pushed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians onto reservations.

At Sand Creek, Colorado, the militia massacred 133 Native Americans—more than 100 of whom were women and children.

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16.5q Little Big Horn

When gold was discovered in the Black Hills region of South Dakota, hundreds of white miners and settlers poured into the area.

The Sioux, under the leadership of Red Cloud, were camped along the Little Big Horn River.

In 1876, George Custer led US troops to the camp, where they were surprised by roughly 2,000 Native American warriors.

Custer and all of his men were killed.

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16.5r Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apaches

In the 1860s, the Apaches, led by Cochise, waged battles against US troops in New Mexico and Arizona.

Cochise’s successor, Geronimo, was less willing to assimilate than Cochise; and Geronimo rebelled against US forces from 1874-1886.

Geronimo was eventually captured in 1886 and held as a prisoner of war for several years

Neither he nor the rest of the Apaches were allowed to return to their homeland in Arizona.

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16.5s Wounded Knee </p

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